Important Vocabulary to Improve your English-5

dogfight
A dogfight is a fight between fighter planes, in which they fly close to one another and move very fast.

If you say that organizations or people are involved in a dogfight, you mean they are struggling very hard against each other in order to succeed.


lathe
lathe lathes
A lathe is a machine which is used for shaping wood or metal.


perspective
A particular perspective is a particular way of thinking about something, especially one that is influenced by your beliefs or experiences.

If you get something in perspective or into perspective, you judge its real importance by considering it in relation to everything else. If you get something out of perspective, you fail to judge its real importance in relation to everything else.

Perspective is the art of making some objects or people in a picture look further away than others.


godforsaken
If you say that somewhere is a godforsaken place, you dislike it a lot because you find it very boring and depressing.


If you hire someone, you employ them or pay them to do a particular job for you.

If you hire something, you pay money to the owner so that you can use it for a period of time.

You use hire to refer to the activity or business of hiring something.

If something is for hire, it is available for you to hire.

pivot
The pivot in a situation is the most important thing which everything else is based on or arranged around.

If something pivots, it balances or turns on a central point.

A pivot is the pin or the central point on which something balances or turns.

proxy
If you do something by proxy, you arrange for someone else to do it for you.

analogy
If you make or draw an analogy between two things, you show that they are similar in some way.

pamper
If you pamper someone, you make them feel comfortable by doing things for them or giving them expensive or luxurious things, sometimes in a way which has a bad effect on their character.


footage

Footage of a particular event is a film of it or the part of a film which shows this event.

composite
A composite object or item is made up of several different things, parts, or substances.

Composite is also a noun.

tough
A tough person is strong and determined, and can tolerate difficulty or suffering.


If you describe someone as tough, you mean that they are rough and violent.

A tough is a tough person.

A tough place or area is considered to have a lot of crime and violence.
= rough
A tough way of life or period of time is difficult or full of suffering.
= rough

A tough task or problem is difficult to do or solve.
= hard
Tough policies or actions are strict and firm.
= strong
A tough substance is strong, and difficult to break, cut, or tear.
Tough meat is difficult to cut and chew.

If someone who is trying to achieve something hangs tough, they remain determined and do not give up, even when there are difficulties or problems.
scrub
If you scrub something, you rub it hard in order to clean it, using a stiff brush and water.

Scrub is also a noun.

If you scrub dirt or stains off something, you remove them by rubbing hard.

Scrub consists of low trees and bushes, especially in an area that has very little rain.

pan
A pan is a round metal container with a long handle, which is used for cooking things in, usually on top of a cooker or stove.
= saucepan
If something such as a film or a book is panned by journalists, they say it is very bad.
= slate
If you pan a film or television camera or if it pans somewhere, it moves slowly round so that a wide area is filmed.

If someone pans for gold, they use a shallow metal container to try to find small pieces of gold from a river.

crave
VERB: V n, V for n, also V to-inf
If you crave something, you want to have it very much.



endurance
Endurance is the ability to continue with an unpleasant or difficult situation, experience, or activity over a long period of time.


butler
A butler is the most important male servant in a wealthy house.


divine
divine divines divining divined
1 You use divine to describe something that is provided by or relates to a god or goddess.
He suggested that the civil war had been a divine punishment.

The law was divinely ordained.

2 If you divine something, you discover or learn it by guessing.
...the child's ability to divine the needs of its parents and respond to them...
From this he divined that she did not like him much.


integrate
If someone integrates into a social group, or is integrated into it, they behave in such a way that they become part of the group or are accepted into it.

integrated
When races integrate or when schools and organizations are integrated, people who are black or belong to ethnic minorities can join white people in their schools and organizations.

integrated
integration
If you integrate one thing with another, or one thing integrates with another, the two things become closely linked or form part of a whole idea or system. You can also say that two things integrate.




persuade
If you persuade someone to do something, you cause them to do it by giving them good reasons for doing it.

persuader

If something persuades someone to take a particular course of action, it causes them to take that course of action because it is a good reason for doing so.

If you persuade someone that something is true, you say things that eventually make them believe that it is true.
= convince
persuaded
arrears
Arrears are amounts of money that you owe, especially regular payments that you should have made earlier.

If someone is in arrears with their payments, or has got into arrears, they have not paid the regular amounts of money that they should have paid.

If sums of money such as wages or taxes are paid in arrears, they are paid at the end of the period of time to which they relate, for example after a job has been done and the wages have been earned.


proclamation
A proclamation is a public announcement about something important, often about something of national importance.
= declaration

plead
If you plead with someone to do something, you ask them in an intense, emotional way to do it.
= beg
When someone charged with a crime pleads guilty or not guilty in a court of law, they officially state that they are guilty or not guilty of the crime.

If you plead the case or cause of someone or something, you speak out in their support or defence.

If you plead a particular thing as the reason for doing or not doing something, you give it as your excuse.


kin
Your kin are your relatives.

see also kith and kin, next of kin

wager
If you wager on the result of a horse race, football match, or other event, you give someone a sum of money which they give you back with extra money if the result is what you predicted, or which they keep if it is not.
= bet, gamble

Wager is also a noun.

If you say that you will wager that something is the case, you mean you are confident that it is the case.
= bet

wager
If you wager on the result of a horse race, football match, or other event, you give someone a sum of money which they give you back with extra money if the result is what you predicted, or which they keep if it is not.
= bet, gamble

Wager is also a noun.

If you say that you will wager that something is the case, you mean you are confident that it is the case.
= bet

stake
If something is at stake, it is being risked and might be lost or damaged if you are not successful.

The stakes involved in a contest or a risky action are the things that can be gained or lost.

If you stake something such as your money or your reputation on the result of something, you risk your money or reputation on it.

If you have a stake in something such as a business, it matters to you, for example because you own part of it or because its success or failure will affect you.

You can use stakes to refer to something that is like a contest. For example, you can refer to the choosing of a leader as the leadership stakes.

A stake is a pointed wooden post which is pushed into the ground, for example in order to support a young tree.
= post
If you stake a claim, you say that something is yours or that you have a right to it.


province

A province is a large section of a country which has its own administration.

The provinces are all the parts of a country except the part where the capital is situated.

If you say that a subject or activity is a particular person's province, you mean that this person has a special interest in it, a special knowledge of it, or a special responsibility for it.


rage
Rage is strong anger that is difficult to control.
= fury
You say that something powerful or unpleasant rages when it continues with great force or violence.

If you rage about something, you speak or think very angrily about it.


You can refer to the strong anger that someone feels in a particular situation as a particular rage, especially when this results in violent or aggressive behaviour.

see also road rage
When something is popular and fashionable, you can say that it is the rage or all the rage.


whack
If you whack someone or something, you hit them hard.

Whack is also a noun.

Your whack of something is your share of it.
= share